Stated-Income

Reserves and Mortgages: How Much Do You Need to Qualify for a Loan?

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What happens after closing? You start making your mortgage payments, pay your property charges, and so on. Do you have enough funds to cover these expenses in case something unexpected happens? These “leftover funds” are called financial reserves.

Lenders will look into these funds to determine if you have enough set aside before they approve your mortgage. As to the minimum level of reserves required, that will depend primarily on your loan type, property, and borrower profile.

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What Are Reserves?

Reserves are assets that are available to you post-mortgage closing. By available, these assets must be readily convertible to cash for your use, per Fannie Mae, who together with Freddie Mac, is the largest purchaser of mortgages in the secondary market.

To make them more relatable, think of these funds as x months’ worth of your total housing expenses as represented by PITI or PITIA:

  • Principal
  • Interest
  • Taxes
  • Insurance (homeowners insurance, mortgage insurance)
  • Homeowners association dues, other assessments

While they are not as popularly discussed as down payment and closing costs, reserves are an important aspect of your mortgage that you should prepare for, save up if you must.

Eligible or Not Eligible Assets for Reserves

Not all assets are eligible to be considered as reserves. Aside from being liquid assets, they must be redeemed/vested, taken from personal bank accounts, or derived from the sale of an asset.

Aside from cash, these are acceptable sources of reserve funds:

(i) savings/checking accounts, (ii) stocks, bonds, certificates of deposits, trust accounts, or any investments, (iii) the portion of the retirement savings account that has vested, and (iv) the cash value of a vested life insurance policy.

As to retirement accounts, not all of the whole vested amount will be considered, e.g. 70% of 401(k), IRA and other related accounts’ vested value.

Stock units become unacceptable if they are from a company or corporation not listed with the SEC. This applies to stock options and restricted stock units that have not vested.

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You can’t also use personal unsecured loans or proceeds from cash-out refinance for your reserve funds.

This is why lenders verify assets for reserve requirements (although this asset verification applies to down payment and closing costs) to ensure that the borrower has funds safely tucked in and that these funds are not illegally sourced or additionally burdensome to the borrower.

How Much Do You Need for Your Reserves?

Your minimum reserve requirement rests on a combination of various factors. But a good starting point would be the property type, i.e. its occupancy status and the number of units.

From there, you can look up what each loan type’s reserve requirement is:

  • FHA loans: This loan program does not have a reserve requirement on one-to-two properties. But for borrowers with non-traditional credit or those requiring manual underwriting, one month of reserves is required. On three-to-four unit properties, reserves worth three months of PITI are required.
  • VA loans: Just like FHA loans, these loans for military personnel require (i) no reserves on one-to-two unit properties and (ii) six months’ reserves on three-to-four unit properties. The borrower also pays additional three months of reserves for every rental property he or she owns.
  • USDA loans: Although these government-guaranteed loans don’t really require cash reserves after closing, having two months of reserves can be a compensating factor.
  • Conforming Loans: The reserve requirements for Fannie Mae take into account the transaction type, the property’s number of units, the borrower’s credit score and LTV, and debt-to-income ratio, the type of underwriting (DU or manual). This is an example of Freddie Mac’s reserve requirements matrix.
  • Jumbo Loans: Reserves on those loans can be equal to three months, although they can go higher depending on the size of the loan.

Indeed, buying a home goes beyond closing. There’s your house to take care of after the transaction closes. Despite reserves being a requirement, it’s wise to have funds set aside for your home.

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The Role of Bank Statements in Successfully Getting a Mortgage

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Whether you are applying for a stated income or a traditional mortgage, your loan officer could ask for your bank statements. These documents are used to verify and document your income. Lenders are required to do their due diligence on your ability to repay your debt and your bank statements and other asset documentation will prove that.

Because most loans are underwritten via an automated platform, e.g. Desktop Underwriter®, the need for bank statements may crop up during underwriting. Nontraditional loans such as bank statement loans are based off on the flow of money into bank accounts so that they go hand in hand with the loan application.

Find out the role of bank statements in applying for mortgages. Find a lender today.

Bank Statements and the Mortgage Process

When making loans, lenders must ensure that the borrower has the capacity to pay the debt to be incurred. They would look into the income of the borrower to make this determination.

Moreover, lenders need to check if the borrower has enough assets (readily convertible to cash) that can cover the down payment, closing costs, and reserve requirements.

Bank statements can cover both for the lenders in their quest to track the assets and income of the borrower. They are also helpful in verifying the identity of the borrower and the information as it pertains to asset accounts set forth on his/her mortgage application.

Usually, lenders look at deposits that fall outside of the declared income source of the borrower, e.g. an unexplained large deposit used for down payment. Or it could be recurring withdrawals that pertain to an undeclared debt obligation.

Mortgage borrowers like you can present your personal bank statements. If you are self-employed or are a majority owner of a business, both personal and business bank statements may be required.

Bank Statement Loans

These loans perfectly sum up the role of bank statements when applying for mortgages.

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Niche lenders who make these mortgages usually require personal/business bank statements for 12 consecutive months, thus dubbed as 12-month bank statement loans.

These lenders recognize the struggle of self-employed borrowers to have their real income verified because of write-offs on their federal tax returns. Interestingly, some bank statement loans don’t require tax returns and their related tax transcripts.

What’s important for the lenders is a reliable, steady cash flow that they will use to calculate income. To arrive at income, lenders take the average deposits during the given period, net of debits and withdrawals.

They will then take into account recurring monthly expenses to get average monthly income. From the average monthly income and recurring monthly expenses, they can come up with the debt-to-income ratio of the borrower.

Indeed, good credit, liquid reserves, and provable income via bank statements are the main ingredients to a successful bank statement loan.

As with any other loan, expect to meet loan-to-value ratios, down payment requirements and asset reserves as well.

Don’t estimate the power of bank statements especially if you have difficulty getting financing under standard mortgage programs. You can always look at alternative or nontraditional loan products like bank statement loans.

Happy shopping!

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